Ubuntu Installation

1 Aim

Set up Ubuntu as a Microsoft Windows desktop alternative for a new-to-Linux user.

(2020: Ubuntu is the world's most popular Linux distribution with a strong community-based support)

2 Basic Installation

Instructions

• Download the raw image (ISO) of the latest Ubuntu Long-Term Support (LTS) desktop version (in this case 20.04) and burn it to a single-layer DVD;
• Boot the PC from the DVD, using the default values for general settings (except for localisation, time, etc...)

Note

• Ubuntu is Debian-based; its software is managed with the Advanced Package Tool (APT);
• By default the root user is disabled (locked); the command sudo will grant administrator privileges;
• The Desktop User Interface is GNOME (version 3.36 in this case);
• The default Display Server is Xorg (as opposed to Wayland).

3 Further Setup

3.1 Extra Packages

Installation (apt install)

• openssh-server   (remote login)
• xterm   (basic terminal)
• lm-sensors   (hardware sensors such as temperature sensors)
• psensor  
• gnome-control-center   (configuration tools)
• gnome-tweaks
• gnome-shell-extensions

3.2 GNOME Setup

3.2.1 Add Terminal to Favorites for Issuing Commands

• Click the Show Application button from the Dock (square button with 9 dots)
• Type xterm in the Search text field
• Right click the Xterm icon and Add to Favorites

3.2.2 Dash/Dock/Favorites Bar Position

Command: gnome-control-center

• Select Appearance
• Set Dock's Position on screen   (Left is best if taskbar is wanted)

3.2.3 Windows Look'n'Feel

Command: gnome-tweaks

• Select Extensions
• Turn on
  • Applications menu   (Start menu)
  • Desktop icons
  • Removable drive menu
  • Window list   (taskbar displayed at the bottom of the screen)

3.2.4 Devices Temperature in Top Bar

Command: psensor

• Select sensors to display (right click sensor, Preferences)
• Select Psensor/Preferences from the menu bar, then startup tab
  • Launch on session startup
  • Hide window on startup